Mīklu vēsture

Jau 1760. gadā šis populārais un labvēlīgais izklaides veids gandrīz vienlaikus parādījās Francijā un Lielbritānijā. Līmējiet attēlu uz kartona un sagrieziet to mazos neregulāros gabaliņos. Sākotnēji attēli bija izglītojoši, vai nu kopā ar īsiem tekstiem, kas piemēroti jauniešiem lasīšanai, vai arī, lai mācītu vēsturi vai ģeogrāfiju topošajai buržuāzijai.

In 1762, during the reign of Louis XV in France, a salesman named Dima began to sell map puzzles with small success. This kind of map puzzle, which requires rearranging the pieces, is a very elegant recreation. That same year, in London, a printer named John Spearsbury came up with a similar idea, inventing the enduring puzzle. With the utmost ingenuity, he glued a map of England to the back of a thin dining table, then cut the map precisely into small pieces along the edges of the counties. The idea could lead to huge fortunes, but poor Spearsbury didn't get it, he lived to be 29 years old and didn't see the huge success of jigsaw puzzles. The real significance of his success was that he opened two important markets for his inventions: the burgeoning middle-class consumers hungry for knowledge and status, and the harsh British schools of his time.

Spīrsberija dzīvoja laikā, kad spēja lasīt kartes bija džentlmeņa simbols. Finierzāģu trakums ir sasniedzis augstāko punktu Grand Touring notikums, gigantisks notikums, kas detalizēti apraksta visu Eiropu. No šī viedokļa mozaīkmīklas ir puzles gabalu izmantošana, lai nopietni izpētītu visas Eiropas - valstis, Firstistes, apgabalus, pilsētas, mazpilsētas, upes utt. ģeogrāfiju. Toreiz zināt kartes bija tikpat lepna kā tagad ar savu mājaslapu.

Of course, not everyone is adamant about puzzles. Contrarians and social critics alike mock the rich for being boring enough to do nothing but spread a pile of cardboard scraps on the table. More than a decade later, puzzle makers began to incorporate historical themes into their puzzles. In 1787, an Englishman named William Dutton made a jigsaw puzzle of portraits of the kings of England, from William the Conqueror to George III. Education and memory are also part of the entertainment, because to successfully arrange all the pieces, you must know the correct order of these kings. However, at that time, jigsaw puzzles were only a game of rich people, and they were not yet popular. Hand-painting, hand-coloring, hand-cutting make puzzles very expensive, equivalent to a month's salary for an average worker.

1789 saw the French Revolution usher in modern Europe, and saw the birth of the modern puzzle in the hands of John Wallis. This imaginative Briton invented brightly colored landscape puzzles. New puzzles require more focus and patience to put together. The new puzzle heralds the end of the era of exquisitely crafted, but expensive, Spearsbury puzzles. Wallis' reproduction techniques soon made his new puzzle a model for a developing trade based on his original printing plate.

Līdz 19. gadsimta sākumam jaunas rūpnieciskās tehnikas masveida ražošanai piešķīra mīklām noteiktu formu. Iepriekš apjomīgās un apjomīgās puzles sastāvēja no gludām -malu daļām, kuras varēja izjaukt ar mazāko vibrāciju. Aptuveni 1840. gadu vācu un franču puzles veidotāji grieza puzles gabalus ar savstarpēji bloķētām fiksēšanas mašīnām, kas ir pazīstama mūsdienu mīklu cienītājiem. Tie nomainīja cietkoksnes finieri ar skujkoku, saplāksni un kartonu, ievērojami samazinot izmaksas. Visbeidzot, zemo-cenu mīklas pieņēma visu dzīves jomu patērētāji, un tas drīz vien izraisīja mīklu neprātu starp bērniem, pieaugušajiem un vecāka gadagājuma cilvēkiem.

Puzzles quickly became a well-established, mass-market entertainment product that consumers could buy anywhere. Puzzles are used at this time not only for education and entertainment, but also for commercials and political propaganda. The First World War (1914-1918) is a good example. Inexpensive jigsaw puzzles featuring brave warriors desperately fighting for king and country, were popular on both sides of the war and sold well. Jigsaw puzzles have become a way to get closer to people's inner world, into their homes, and to spread information. Puzzles and newspapers, radio, and soon the first generation of television became a simple and direct form of mass media. Should people be encouraged to travel by train? Many puzzles showing majestic trains and happy tourists appeared. Every new invention and trend—steamboats, planes, automobiles, and the latest and most daring women's swimsuits—has appeared on the puzzle.

Pēc pasaules ekonomiskās krīzes 1929. gadā Ziemeļameriku pārņēmusī Lielā depresija bija mozaīku nezūdošās popularitātes pīķa periods. Dodieties uz tuvāko avīžu kiosku tikai par 25 centiem par 300{3}}gabalu puzli, un varat aizmirst par savu smago dzīvi un ļauties sapņiem par laimīgu dienu. Arī bagātie un slavenie ļaujas šai neprātam. Ņujorkā divi no-no-darba pārdevējiem Džons Henrijs un Frenks Vors nopelnīja bagātību ar oriģināliem Spīrsberijas mīklu dizainiem. Kāds ir viņu noslēpums? Kvalitatīva izcilu šinu reprodukcija. Henrijs un Vors drīz nodibināja attiecības ar Astors, Vanderbilts, Bing Crosby un Merilina Monro, un bizness plauka.